Today non-destructive methods are widely spread due to its mobility and accuracy. This article describes the main types of nondestructive testing commonly used in manufacturing and at the construction site, namely magnetic, eddy current, ultrasonic and visual. Describe the principle of each method and its key features.

Keywords: Non-destructive testing, mechanical characteristics, strength, hardness

This article describes the relevance of geodetic control. Briefly describes the existing and proposed methods of geodetic control. Also the special device for geodetic researches of industrial buildings and constructions is offered. This device is attached to the geodetic rail, it is fixed laser rangefinder. With this device it is possible to perform geodetic survey of building structures of an industrial building or structure without fixing reference points. The technical task of the claimed device is the joint use (fixation) of the standard laser rangefinder and geodetic rack due to the constructive execution of the device, in the production of geodetic works to determine the deflections of supporting structures of industrial, public and residential buildings. For verification of the claimed device was carried out surveying work for determining deflections of the roof trusses of an industrial enterprise. Conclusion: labor costs of geodetic works were reduced in comparison with traditional methods by an average of 20 – 30%.

Keywords: geodesy, laser rangefinder, survey rail, survey, device, building, structure, plate, bolt, thread, size

Installations of electrocentrifugal pumps, their scope of application and features are considered the methods of hydroprotection valves testing are studied, the algorithm of valves testing based on a differential method is offered.

Keywords: installation of electric centrifugal pumps; hydroprotection; differential method of measurement; algorithm of valves testing.

The structure of measuring stands of ultra-high-frequency installation of drying and baking of bricks is considered. The creation of a practical microwave installation is determined by the creation of measuring stands at a low power level, by working on electrodynamic models and by creating appropriate laboratory installations of a high power level. The measuring stand of the described structure allows to check the matching characteristics of all waveguide elements of the feeder chain, adjustment of waveguide tees, and the development and tuning of the energy input units to the microwave chamber of the experimental setup. In the laboratory installation it is proposed to use the industrial generator KIE-5, operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz with a maximum output power of 5 kW and a waveguide ferrite circulator. The maximum power of such an installation differs only 10 times from the power of the experimental setup. This makes it possible to reliably estimate the electrical strength and heat release of the experimental unit assemblies from the results of laboratory studies.

Keywords: "izmeritel'nyy stend, sverkhvysokochastotnaya ustanovka, kirpich, sushka, obzhig, moshchnost', struktura, elektrodinamicheskoye modelirovaniye, eksperimental'naya ustanovka measuring stand, super-high-frequency installation, brick, drying, firing, power,

In the article the scheme of the measuring stand of the device model for determining the part of the energy distributed from the generator, the scheme of the measuring stand of the model for measuring the standing water coefficient (VSWR) and the measurement of the transient resistance are presented. The best results are obtained by a partition consisting of two metal plates overlapping the path both above and below the clay layer. So, with a clay humidity of 4%, the total attenuation was 14.4 dB (-6.1 dB without a partition), and at a humidity of 16% -35 dB (-18.4 dB without a partition). There is an increase in attenuation of approximately two times compared to the case without a partition for both dry and wet clay, but the amount of attenuation is insufficient. To increase the attenuation in model 2, two consecutive resonators were created. But the attenuation in this case increased insignificantly in comparison with one resonator. It is obvious that two resonators are upset because of mutual influence on each other. Therefore, it is proposed in a real installation between these two resonators to place a section of a waveguide of nonresonant length with an absorber that will eliminate the coupling between the resonators.

Keywords: measuring stand, super-high-frequency installation, brick, drying, firing, power, structure, electrodynamic modeling, experimental setup

In this article, a prototype of a multichannel digital ammeter will be considered. The structural scheme and algorithm of the program for the microcontroller is presented.

Keywords: ammeter, digital ammeter, multichannel digital ammeter, prototype ammeter, Hall sensor, Hall effect

The article suggests application of the digital indicator Schut 907.649, intercenter and spreadsheet to reduce the complexity of determining the parameters of the cogwheel. According to the developmented to methodic, the accuracy of the modernized intercentromere was investigated. Presented further ways to modernize

Keywords: metrological support, intercenter, parameters of the cogwheel, OpenOffice Calc, MS Excel, Schut 907.649

The mechanical stresses measuring methods analysis is showing in that paper. The purpose of that paper is to choosing the practical method of the measuring mechanical stresses in polymer glasses during its using. The calculation of the piezoelectric effect on the polycarbonate is considering in that paper. It is showing that this effect can be used for measuring the mechanical stress in polymer glasses during its using. So, it is showing the advantages of that method.

Keywords: polymer glasses, mechanical stresses, polycarbonate, piezoelectric effect, possibility of applying, comparative analysis of the methods

The article describes the development of a wireless monitoring system for toxic and flammable gases control to solve the actual problem of gaseous environment automated control at hazardous production facilities. The architecture of the monitoring system is described, which consists of wireless gas analyzers with connected remote digital modules. The article deals with design and circuit solutions for the development of a gas sensors digital module, which includes: a microcontroller, a RS-485 transceiver, an integrated power supply based on a pulse converter, and a block with digital gas sensors. The principle of the combined protection against electrostatic and microsecond interference is considered, as well as the concept of digital gas sensors with sensing elements of various physical types. The developed module is to detect explosive and toxic gases in the atmosphere, and can be used in emergency prevention systems at the factory together with execution units.

Keywords: monitoring system, industrial safety, gas sensor, intelligent digital sensor, zigbee, microassembly, RS-485, toxic gas, explosive gas

The manuscript describes the design of a simple LED illuminator for fluorescence microscopy of biological objects. As the light source, high-brightness semiconductor diodes were chosen that provide stable low-noise light. This distinguishes them from traditional light sources, such as mercury lamps. The presented light source can be used to record low-amplitude fluorescent signals in studies of excitable cells performed using calcium or potential-sensitive dyes. The illuminator is made of inexpensive, easily accessible components.

Keywords: high-brightness LEDs, illuminator, fluorescence, microscopy

In optical-electronic systems (OES) of visual observation, the non-uniformity of the output signal is compensated quite well. At the same time, the non-uniformity of the sensitivity of the photodetector (NUSP) degrades the threshold sensitivity of the photodetector devices. At the same time, compensation does not lead to an increase in the characteristics of the OES. Thus, assessing the impact of NUSP on the characteristics of detection of the OES is an urgent task. The calculation of the estimation of the mathematical expectation of the signal shows that it is biased and the displacement is proportional to the sensitivity of the corresponding element. Compensation for NUSP eliminates this bias, but the effectiveness of the assessment changes and the NUSP is transferred from the mathematical expectation to the variance. The presence of NUSP results in a corresponding the non-uniformity of the probability of correct detection and a threshold signal. Performing compensation does not change the probability of correct detection and the threshold signal. It is shown that for each element of the photodetector the detection range is determined by its sensitivity. The ratio of the maximum range to the minimum is related to the ratio of the maximum sensitivity of the photodetector element to the minimum. The presence of NUSP leads to a corresponding uneven detection range. It is shown that the compensation of NUSP does not change the value of the detection limit. At NUSP of 40%, the minimum detection range will be 1.5 times less than the maximum detection range.

Keywords: optoelectronic system, non-uniformity of sensitivity of the detector, detection range

The article describes the concept of the digital gas sensors for toxic and flammable gases used in portable gas analyzers and stationary systems for dangerous objects monitoring. The results of the development of the low-power digital gas sensor for determining the concentration of carbon monoxide are described. The structure of the analog sensitive element, as well as its sensitivity to various gases and ambient temperature, is considered. A structural and schematic solution of a digital gas sensor using operational amplifiers and a miniature microcontroller is presented. The algorithm of firmware of the microcontroller is considered, as well as the calibration process.

Keywords: Digital gas sensor, toxic gas, gas converter, carbon monoxide, gas analyzer, monitoring system, calibration process, gas generator

A variant of the solution of the problem of characterization of a resonant Fano contour in optical biosensors of refractometric type based on ring fiber Bragg gratings with pi-shift is presented. The use of biosensors of this type makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of detecting changes in the refractive index of the medium under investigation to the level (1-2) x10-9 RIU. These sensitivity values are achieved due to the formation in the lattice of a high-quality Fano resonance with a loop width at half-height equal to 1-5 pm. However, the possibility of obtaining a significant gain in metrological characteristics on the one hand, poses the problem of characterizing such narrow-band resonances on the other, since the existing optical spectrum analyzers do not have the appropriate resolution. To solve this problem, we propose a radio-photon method of three-frequency probing of a high-band and an asymmetric Fano contour by symmetric amplitude-modulated radiation with side-amplitude components unbalanced in amplitude. In contrast to the previously used for solving similar problems of two-frequency symmetric sounding with equal amplitudes of side components and a suppressed carrier, we have uniquely determined the central frequency, the maximum amplitude and Q of the Fano circuits, as well as the possibility of greatly simplifying the technique of collecting information on their parameters. The article consists of two parts, which consistently reflect the posing of modeling problems and discussing its results with confirmation of the results of physical experiments.

Keywords: optical biosensor, refractometry, Bragg fiber grating, phase pi-shift, Bragg annular fiber grating with phase pi-shift, Fano resonance, refractive index change, sensitivity, resolving power, radiophoton measurement methods, two-frequency symmetric balance

The article is devoted to the issues of preparation for the initial and periodic certification of test equipment. The author reveals the reasons for the need for attestation of test equipment in the example of the stand for PSN. Particular attention is paid to the need for writing guidelines for the program and methodology for attestation of test equipment

Keywords: certification, tests, converter, program and technique, train car, test stand

A variant of the solution of the problem of characterization of a resonant Fano contour in optical biosensors of refractometric type based on ring fiber Bragg gratings with pi-shift is presented. To solve this problem, the first part of the article proposes a radio-photon method of three-frequency probing of the upper-band and asymmetric Fano contours by symmetric amplitude-modulated radiation with amplitude components unbalanced in amplitude. To characterize the central wavelength, a functional analogous to the modulation coefficient of the beat envelope between the components of the probing radiation is introduced. The requirements for the selection of the frequencies of the side components at which the uniqueness of the functional is preserved and the maximum sensitivity in the measurement range determined by the bandwidth of the Fano contour at half-height are justified. The possibility of extending the range of lateral frequencies and increasing the sensitivity of measurements with the use of two-frequency sounding with a frequency reduced by half and amplitude unbalanced side components with a suppressed carrier is shown. An example is given of a comparison with the two-frequency symmetric probing, previously used by us for solving similar problems, with equal amps of side components and a suppressed carrier. Based on the results of characterizing the Fano contour with fixed probing, it is possible to unambiguously determine the central frequency, the maximum amplitude, and its Q-factor.

Keywords: optical biosensor, refractometry, Bragg fiber grating, phase pi-shift, Bragg annular fiber grating with phase pi-shift, Fano resonance, radio-photon measurement methods, amplitude-balanced three-frequency symmetric probing, two-frequency disbalanced and a

The measurement of the total concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is widely used both in the general analysis to assess the general condition of a person, and during an operation associated with rapid blood loss, blood transfusions, or rapid fluid administration. Although current invasive methods for measuring hemoglobin are accurate, they require frequent blood sampling and some time to obtain results from a remote laboratory. Moreover, taking blood is often not an acceptable option for patients with surgery, as this can help reduce anemia. Optoacoustic method can be a good alternative to invasive methods

Keywords: optoacoustics, optoacoustic waves, biofluids, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin

Need for measurement of weak signals exists in many fields of science and technology. An example of such area is the optical spectroscopy of substances with low concentration of the centers of coloring. Use of devices of synchronous detecting allows to solve this problem. The need for the reliable, inexpensive and convenient device in use defines interest in development of the new schemes meeting these requirements. In this work the new scheme of the programmable synchronous detector with use of sequence filters and the digital phase shifter is offered. Advantages of the offered scheme is the high sensitivity and low cost in comparison with commercial versions of synchronous detectors.

Keywords: lock in amplifier ,sequence filter, detecting, phase shifter

The development of modern electronics has led to the improvement and modernization of natural gas meters. Mechanical devices increasingly began to be replaced by electronic ones, which allow to provide higher accuracy, resolution of the device and have a number of additional features, for example, allow to register events and monitor readings. The task of such devices is to provide completely autonomous operation from the battery element in the period from 5 to 10 years. The battery life is determined by the number of consumers of electricity included in the meter and can be reduced to very small values ​​due to the use of modern electronic components with low power consumption. In addition, it is possible to reduce power consumption by implementing certain algorithms of the device. In this paper, we consider the options for constructing a measuring target, and the algorithms for operating the digital part, which allow us to reduce power consumption.

Keywords: measuring circuits, natural gas meters, energy consumption, measuring target, energy efficiency

The article is devoted to the research of methods of processing of navigation information. To collect experimental navigation information, a system based on the Real time locating system was used, which includes 9 receivers and one label. Label positioning takes place by measuring the distance from the label to the receivers (at least 3). Measurements were made at 9 points on the test polygon to determine the point with the highest standard deviation (STD). However, there is no relationship between the position of the point and the STD. As a result, data sets of navigational information were received, which are subject to further processing. The standard deviation of the navigation system is calculated. The methods of linear filtration are studied: a median filter, a moving average filter and a Wiener filter. Their effectiveness was assessed from the point of view of the reduction of STD. The algorithms of each of the filters are presented. Shown are graphs showing the smoothing properties of the filters. The general properties of the pros and cons of each filter are given. The STD is calculated after applying different filters. Conclusions are given about the most effective filter from the point of view of the STD. It turned out to be a moving average filter. However, the decrease in STD was not significant. Conclusions are drawn about the need to integrate navigation information from various sources.

Keywords: navigation, positioning, data filter, linear filter, moving average filter, median filter, Wiener filter, mobile objects control, navigation information processing, standard deviation

Optoacoustic acoustic transients arising from optical absorption and thermoelastic expansion contain information on the optical properties of the irradiated medium. The profile of the optoacoustic signal generated by the absorber, for example from cancer cells, has a complex geometric structure, can be represented by the convolution of acoustic waves emitted by a number of small spherical sources.

Keywords: optoacoustics, optoacoustic waves, absorption, spherical absorber

The modern schemes of phase shifters used in radio receivers, antenna systems, synchronous detectors are limited in a wide frequency range to dependence of phase shift at the release of the scheme from the frequency of an entrance signal. In this work the new scheme of the programmable phase shifter which allows to use the phase shifter in the wide frequenciest range irrespective of the frequency of an entrance signal and also to carry out a phase displacement with a high precision is offered.

Keywords: phase shifter, synchronous detector, lag line

In this article, we propose the idea of ​​creating a complex sensor for measuring the dielectric parameters of liquid substances in order to distinguish samples with small changes in the parameters in low-microwave ranges. The measurements are carried out by a capacitive method. For measurement at a low frequency, a capacitor-to-code converter is used; in the microwave method, a vector analyzer is used for the measurement. As a capacitive sensor, a interdigital capacitor is used that has geometrical and electrophysical parameters, in which it is not a radiating structure in the range of controlled frequencies. To combine the low-frequency and microwave methods in one sensor, a frequency-isolation scheme is used. The urgency of the method lies in the absence of the need for separate measurements of the sample with the help of various sensors.

Keywords: interdigital capacitor, coaxial probe, frequency isolation circuit, liquid substance, sensor, model, reflection coefficient, electrical capacitance, capacitor-code converter

A wide variety of applications of wireless self-organizing networks and high requirements to their quality make it impossible to create a universal routing protocol that works equally well in all cases. Each time when you deploy a new network, you have to select its parameters, but this is inconvenient and often inefficient. In this article, we propose an add-on algorithm over the AODV routing protocol, which allows you to automatically adapt the protocol parameters to dynamically changing network parameters. The perspective of the proposed approach is shown. The architecture of the neural network allowing to control the routing protocol is proposed, the area of ​​further research is indicated.

Keywords: AODV, routing protocol, adaptive routing, ad hoc network, parametric adaptation, simulation

Application of low-power thermal resistors in starters requires availability of intermediate equipment and various components. It significantly reduces the reliability of the equipment. Increase in currents flowing through the pre-regulating devices simplifies electrical schematic of the control and regulation. To use thermal resistors in circuits with high currents it is necessary to use special designs, for the purpose of thermoresistor's material overheating prevention. Algorithms for synthesis of starting rheostats are given. The dependences characterizing different starting models are given.

Keywords: semiconductor thermal resistance, starting current models, generalized current characteristics