The article is devoted to innovative approaches to the use of environmentally safe polymer binders in the production of thermal insulation materials (TIM) based on vegetable raw materials. The relevance of the work is due to the need to replace traditional synthetic polymers such as polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, and mineral wool, which in the process of operation emit toxic substances with cumulative properties. Research shows that the use of biopolymers and renewable resources, such as castor oil-based polyurethane resins and casein adhesives, can significantly reduce environmental burdens and improve material safety. Special attention is given to thermoplastic and thermoset matrices, their properties, and applications in composite materials. Thermoplastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene have high impact resistance and recyclability but are limited in application due to the difficulty of processing and high melting point. Thermoset matrices, despite their high strength and resistance to chemical attack, are molded only once, making them difficult to recycle. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different polymer binders and their prospects in the context of environmental sustainability and the efficiency of thermal insulation materials. The research is aimed at improving the physical and mechanical properties of composites and optimizing production processes to create affordable and environmentally friendly thermal insulation materials.
Keywords: innovative approaches, environmentally safe polymers, thermal insulation materials (TIM), plant raw materials, biopolymers, renewable resources, thermoplastics, thermosetting matrices, environmental sustainability, physical and mechanical properties
The article analyzes modern approaches to the use of innovative materials to create an inclusive environment in residential buildings. The paper examines the main problems associated with the obsolescence of building materials, and offers promising solutions based on the use of adaptive and environmentally friendly technologies that enhance accessibility and comfort.
Keywords: inclusive environment, the problem of outdated materials, innovative materials, innovations, trends and prospects, bioplastics, carbon concrete, OLED panels, adaptive structures, accessibility, comfortable environment, design
The use of methods for strengthening soils with Portland cement makes it possible to increase the physical and mechanical properties of soils: strength, frost resistance, water permeability, etc. A technical understanding of the processes of structure formation in reinforced soils makes it possible to regulate the final properties and quality of the layers of highways. To describe the processes of structure formation, it is possible to use the theory of contact interactions and the theory of DLFO. The final properties of the reinforced soil are influenced by the following factors: mineralogy and specific surface area of the soil, water content, amount of cement, curing time and method of compaction.
Keywords: stabilized soils, structure formation of stabilized soils, stabilization with Portland cement, properties of stabilized soils
The relevance of the use of gas-filled concrete in construction is reflected. The problems of forming high-quality cellular structures are listed. It is noted that in aerated concrete, these problems are successfully solved by prescription methods, and to obtain high-quality foam concrete, it is necessary to take into account the energy characteristics of the interaction between the dispersed gas phase packed in foam films and the cement-sand slip. The most important factors of controlling the structure of foam concrete mixtures are revealed. It is proposed to consider foam concrete mixtures as a complex hierarchically multilevel system, the properties of which depend in a decisive way on the interaction between water and surfactant molecules. The process of moving surfactant molecules from the volume of the liquid phase to the gas-liquid interface is theoretically considered. The results of experimental studies of the effect of fiber consumption on the kinetics of plastic strength of mixtures, the density of the resulting concretes, and the measure of their loss of the dispersed gas phase during the phase transition from a viscous state to an elastic one are presented. Based on the experimental results and scientific generalizations, a conclusion is formulated about the causes and conditions for the preservation of the dispersed gas phase in the structure of foam concrete mixtures.
Keywords: foam concrete mixture, dispersed gas phase
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the amount of alkaline hardening activator on the geopolymer binder consisting of ground blast furnace slag and fly ash. Ground blast furnace slag with fly ash was activated with sodium silicate (SN) at different contents of alkali solution (A). The results showed that an increase in the alkali activator content (SN:A = 5%:3% → 15%:4%) promotes an increase in the strength of concrete over the entire time interval of monitoring the strength gain. The addition of fly ash affected an increase in the compressive strength of concrete samples from 16 to 18% relative to the compositions without fly ash. Micro cracking is manifested in the compositions of geopolymer concretes without fly ash, activated by a sodium silicate solution at a higher silicate modulus. The reduction of the silicate modulus CH led to less microcrack formation and a more uniform structure, and the introduction of fly ash into the concrete mixture helps to eliminate internal stresses and the formation of microcracks on the surface of concrete samples.
Keywords: by-products, blast furnace slag, alkaline hardening activators, fillers, performance properties, strength, water absorption, development driver
The article deals with thea comparative analysis of frost resistance assessment results obtained from dry building mixes containing redispersible polymer powders and finely dispersed fillers of natural and technogenic origin, building mortars according to such freeze-thaw resistance criteria as change in ultrasound velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive and flexural strength, and adhesion strength to concrete base. The composition of the mixtures is represented by the component ratio C:P:MD = 1:1.3:0.2 at W/C = 0.4. The number of freeze-thaw cycles implemented for the studied compositions, depending on the dosage of redispersible polymer powders, ranged from 100 to 125. Ffreeze-thaw resistance of the studied solutions is not exhausted according to the main standardized criteria. A positive effect of RPP on the freeze-thaw resistance of the contact zone is noted. The most “rigorous” criterion is the flexural strength.
Keywords: dry construction mixture, freeze-thaw resistance, strength, mortar, chemical water treatment sludge, redispersible powders
The use of ash and slag mixtures of thermal power plants in the structures of road coverings of highways makes it possible to significantly increase the volume of their reuse. One of the promising directions is their application in the compositions of stabilized soils. To assess the effectiveness of the use of these materials, such indicators as the cost of construction and the total thickness of the pavement structure are used. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that the reduction in the total thickness of road clothing with layers of ash and slag mixtures of CHP compared with layers of traditional materials was up to 48%, the reduction in the cost of building road clothing structures using ash and slag mixtures is up to 21%.
Keywords: stabilized soils, ash and slag mixtures, road clothing, base of road clothing
The article reveals the topic of improving the processes of concreting monolithic structures. An absentee survey of respondents from among the existing manufacturers of works, construction control engineers and foremen was conducted. Information was obtained that is not always reflected in documentary sources or direct observation. The direct processes of transportation, feeding, laying and care of the concrete mix, as well as related processes, were monitored and analyzed.
Keywords: technologies, organization, technological process, concrete works, monolithic structures, operational control, construction control, economic potential
Optimization of the composition of heavy cement concretes modified with a complex additive based on industrial waste (alumina-containing component - aluminum slag (ASH), spent molding mixture (OFS) using the PlanExp B-D13 software package is a three-factor planned experiment, according to the criteria: compressive strength on the 2nd and 28th days of hardening.
Keywords: heavy cement concretes, fast-hardening concretes, optimization, experiment planning, strength indicators, industrial waste, spent molding mixture, aluminum slag
The article discusses the use of recycled materials obtained during the dismantling of facilities during renovation in St. Petersburg. The districts of St. Petersburg with "problematic" houses, such as panel "Khrushchev" and "ships" of the first type, are highlighted. Data on the types of waste, volumes of concrete scrap, features and applications of secondary rubble are presented. Examples of organizations in St. Petersburg dealing with waste recycling are given. The purpose of the work is to study the possibilities of recycling construction waste for reuse in construction and landscaping of the region.
Keywords: secondary materials, dismantling, renovation, concrete scrap, construction waste, recycling, crushed stone, sustainable development, St. Petersburg, ecology
Volcanic materials are widely used in the production of mixed cement. Volcanic tuff, as a mineral additive to Portland cement, is effective in improving the rheological characteristics of the hydraulic binder, has medium pozzolanic activity, improves the properties of the material and can be used in the composition of light plaster mixtures.. The purpose of the studies presented in the article was to form models of such mixtures that allow their properties to be assessed. The experiment was conducted on the basis of methods of mathematical planning, statistical processing of the results and analytical optimization of the obtained regression equations. The experimental studies are based on the matrix of a complete three-factor experiment. The composition of the light plaster mixture included the following components: hydraulic binder, crushed volcanic tuff (as a fine light filler), reinforcing fiber and synthetic additive. Compositions of plaster mixtures based on volcanic tuff have been developed. The optimal values of the main components of the plaster mixture based on volcanic tuff, which is present in the composition of the mixture as a light fine filler and as a component of a hydraulic binder, have been established. An engineering interpretation of the simulation results is given.
Keywords: plaster material, volcanic tuff, pozzolan activity, mathematical modeling, analytical optimization
The article presents the study of thermal conductivity of a promising building material “Corrugated veneer”, presents the sequence of the study, develops an installation for research, obtains the thermal conductivity coefficients of the material “Corrugated veneer”.
Keywords: wood materials, finishing materials, building materials, board materials, veneer, laminated wood
the modification of a thermally cured epoxy binder is considered due to the introduction of a plasticizer and a latent component digital and statistical methods of experimental research are used digital models linking the basic properties with changes in variable factors are obtained and an analytical technique for predicting the properties of products as well as the selection of their composition is developed a composite epoxy binder is obtained and studied.
Keywords: digital model, synthetic binder, latent component, regression equation, analytical optimization
The article presents the calculation of reinforced concrete column reinforcement using a metal cage made of angles, taking into account the physical nonlinearity of materials within the framework of the Lira CAD software package. The use of a nonlinear approach is due to the inability of linear methods to adequately reflect the real behavior of concrete and steel under load, in particular, their destruction and gradual loss of rigidity. This paper presents a model that takes into account the nonlinear stiffness characteristics of concrete and steel in accordance with regulatory documents. Taking into account the physical nonlinearity of materials when calculating column reinforcement is critically important for reliable modeling of the structure's behavior and preventing underestimation of the risks of destruction. It is necessary to check the structure for local destruction at each stage of loading to ensure the reliability of calculations and the safety of the structure. The use of specialized software with the ability to stage-by-stage loading and checking for local destruction allows you to obtain accurate results and justify optimal design solutions.
Keywords: columns, reinforced concrete, steel, strengthening, jacket, calculation, physical nonlinearity, software package, stresses, strains
The influence of the aluminosilicate component on the properties of mortars and concretes is considered. Special attention is paid to the addition of perlite dust to the cement binder and the use of the Polyplast SP-1 superplasticizer to regulate rheological properties. It has been experimentally established that an increase in the perlite content increases the water demand and reduces the fluidity of the mixture due to its high specific surface area and porous structure. The rheological properties of various formulations have been studied using a rotary viscometer. The results show that the addition of a superplasticizer reduces viscosity and improves fluidity, which is especially important to prevent deformations and internal stresses in hardening systems.
Keywords: technogenic raw materials, perlite, aluminosilicate component, building mortars, concretes, rheological properties, superplasticizer
The research aimed to investigate the properties of glass-basalt composite tubes, specifically examining the relationship between structural fractal dimensions, composition, and mechanical properties. Physical experiments were carried out to assess the properties of glass and glass-basalt composite tubes. These tests included measurements of tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture resistance, flexural strength, and additional mechanical characteristics. Fractal analysis of rovings and epoxy binder was performed at the microstructural level to evaluate the impact of structure on mechanical performance. Through predictive modeling of the physical and mechanical properties of glass-basalt composite tubes, an optimal range of properties was identified. This range is defined by specific technological parameters: rovings content of 68–74%, basalt fiber diameter of 7–12 μm, and epoxy binder content of 21–27%. Within this framework, the production of tubes with the following target properties was predicted: tensile strength, compressive strength , and modulus of elasticity.
Keywords: fractal modeling, microstructure, matrix fibers, glass-basalt plastic, composite material, forecasting, strength, fractal dimension, heterogeneity, mechanical properties, composite pipe, glass fiber, basalt, correlation analysis
The paper deals with a new composite material for waterproofing the underground parts of buildings and structures. The composite consists of Portland cement, fine aggregate, a complex additive, and chemical additives. Based on experimental data, the main physical and mechanical properties of the material have been determined. The results show that the resulting composite material has high physical and mechanical characteristics and can be used to protect concrete underground structures from groundwater damage.
Keywords: underground structures, durability, protection, waterproofing, composite material, complex additive, strength, crack resistance, adhesion, elasticity
The composition of the lightweight plaster mix includes the following components: hydraulic binder, crushed volcanic tuff-scoria (as a fine lightweight filler), reinforcing fiber and synthetic additive. The hydraulic binder consists of Portland cement and finely ground volcanic tuff. Plaster mixes based on volcanic tuff are in demand in regions with a warm or sharply continental climate: high temperatures during the day or low at night, including Ethiopia. The purpose of the research presented in the article was: to form material structure models that allow evaluating the material properties and evaluating the solutions obtained during the implementation of an active experiment. As a result of the experiment, optimal values of the main components of the plaster mix based on volcanic tuff were established, which is present in the mixture as a light fine filler and as a component of the hydraulic binder. Modeling of the material structure and engineering interpretation of its properties were carried out.
Keywords: plaster material, tuff-scoria, pozzolanic activity, mathematical modeling, analytical optimization
Bamboo as a building material has its own characteristics. It works well in stretching and bending. Bamboo has only longitudinal fibers that are prone to splitting, however these fibers are twisted in a knot. This phenomenon reduces the tensile strength. The mechanical properties of bamboo describe its reaction to physical influences. In general, bamboo has a high tensile strength parallel to the fibers. This article describes the mechanical properties of a bamboo rod depending on the loads, as well as modulus of elasticity of various types of bamboo. This article summarizes the experience of building buildings made of bamboo elements.
Keywords: bamboo, fibers, knot, joint, strength, construction, deformation, stretching, mechanical properties, anisotropic material
The increase in the length of asphalt concrete roads increases the importance of efficient asphalt concrete plants in road construction. Modern environmental requirements and rising fuel prices determine a decrease in the temperatures of cooking and laying ABS. In foreign and domestic practice of road construction, warm asphalt concrete mixtures are increasingly used, including with the use of zeolite. The prerequisites for the study of warm asphalt concrete using zeolite in the Republic of Tatarstan is the presence of one of the largest deposits of zeolite-containing rocks of the Russian Federation - Tatarsko-Shatrashansky. Pilot production implementation of the research results was carried out during the construction of an experimental section on the highway – the entrance to the locality of Klyuchishchi in the Verkhneuslonsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan with an upper layer of warm asphalt concrete coating using zeolite. The results of the material indicators that meet the regulatory requirements have been obtained.
Keywords: warm asphalt concrete mixtures, zeolite, zeolite-containing additives, highways, experimental site
During the construction and operation of oil and gas industry facilities, there are increased requirements for the quality of concrete. To this end, it is necessary to use new formulations and their preparation technology to obtain concretes of the required density with high strength, frost resistance, water resistance, crack resistance and, ultimately, increased durability. The use of a superplasticizing additive, basalt or polymer fiber and a nanocarbon additive in the specified amounts in the composition of fine-grained concrete contributed to an increase in the uniformity and density of the mixture and, accordingly, an increase in the strength characteristics of concrete at various hardening times. As a result of testing concrete samples for frost resistance, a mark of 400-500 cycles of freezing and thawing was obtained. This makes it possible to use these compositions of fine-grained concrete in harsh climatic and difficult engineering and geological conditions of construction and operation of oil and gas industry facilities.
Keywords: fibroconcrete, oil storage tanks, nanocarbon tubes, basalt fiber, superplasticizer
In the process of drilling oil or gas wells, increased friction forces of the drill string against the walls of the well, as well as in the rock-crushing tool. The use of various formulations of washing liquid using surfactants from fish production waste contributes to solving a significant part of the problems. The presence of fatty acids in fish waste, which have a significant surface-active effect, allows them to be used as plasticizing additives in concrete. As a result of the introduction of these wastes into the concrete mixture, its rheological properties are improved, as well as the strength characteristics of the hardened fine-grained fiber concrete significantly increase. The use of fish production waste in the concrete mixture will reduce the cost of concrete production, and the environmental situation will improve due to the disposal of industrial waste.
Keywords: fiber concrete, strength, fish waste, industrial liquids, nanocarbon tubes, basalt fiber, superplasticizer
A brief historical overview of the evolution of requirements for the performance properties of wall materials is given. It is shown that the list of types of wall materials used is regulated by the level of urbanization of society and modern requirements for energy and resource conservation. An analysis of the types of defects that occur in multilayer walls of buildings during their operation has shown that the most important cause of their occurrence is an incorrect combination of materials with different porosity. The importance of taking into account the "single-layer" factor in construction, which allows ensuring the quality of construction and operation of buildings in Russia's diverse and difficult climatic conditions, was noted. Information is provided on the product range and operational advantages of non-autoclaved fiberfoam concrete as a material suitable for the construction of single-layer walls and capable of improving their protective and acoustic properties.
Keywords: safe use of premises, energy-efficient construction, gas-filled concrete, multilayer walls, mold, fiberfoam concrete, strength, thermal conductivity
The research aimed to investigate the structure of glass-basalt composite pipes and explore the relationship between their Renyi statistical dimensions and physicomechanical properties. Physical experiments were conducted to measure and analyze the elasticity of glass-basalt composite pipes. The experiments included testing the modulus of elasticity and other mechanical properties. Fractal analysis was applied at the microstructural level to assess the influence of the fiber matrix structure on the physicomechanical behavior of the pipes. The study explored the possibility of modeling the microstructure of glass-basalt composite pipes using 3D fractal analysis. A correlation was established between the spectrum of multifractal dimensions (D-200, D0, D1, D2, D200), the heterogeneity of the fiber matrix f(α), and the elasticity properties (Young’s modulus). For the obtained fractal models predicting Young’s modulus, the correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.95 for D0, 0.92 for D1, 0.90 for D2, 0.82 for D-200, and 0.68 for f(α). These results can be applied for rapid estimation of Young’s modulus using optical microscopy and photomicrographs of the microstructure.
Keywords: fractal modeling, microstructure, physicomechanical properties, material development, glass-basalt fiber, polymer pipes, forecasting, interphase boundaries, mechanical properties, fractal dimension, heterogeneity
The article is devoted to the systematic approach to the development of new composite building materials with lignocellulosic fillers, special attention is paid to the study of their thermal stability. The desire to increase the thermal stability of cellulosic materials implies the use of various modification methods, including acetylation and the use of flame retardants. The properties of monoethanolamine (NB)-trihydroxyborate (MEATHB) as a modifier to improve the fire resistance of thermal insulation materials based on stems of Sosnovsky's borer have been investigated. Experimental methods include thermogravimetric and differential scanning analysis, which allowed the evaluation of thermal decomposition and thermochemical transformations of the raw materials used. The results show that pre-modification using MEATGB shifts the peaks of cellulose thermo-oxidative decomposition temperatures to higher ranges, indicating an increase in the thermal stability of the materials. It is also found that the combination of modification using polyurethane and casein binders improves the thermostatic characteristics, which opens new perspectives for the creation of biostable thermal insulation materials. Thus, the results of this work can serve as a basis for further research and development aimed at creating innovative composite materials with high temperature resistance and biostability using available and environmentally friendly plant raw materials.
Keywords: composite materials, lignocellulosic fillers, thermal stability, monoethanolamine(NB)-trihydroxyborate, biostability, thermal insulation materials, thermogravimetric analysis, polyurethane binder, casein glue